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Concepts/Theories table
table started by
coco for the science Base
Bin for concepts / theories / proofs from mathematics / science (untyped WP aricles that will someday be found a better home).
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| x name | x image | x Also Typed With | x Field of Study | x Field | x article |
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| x Adaptive grammar |
An adaptive grammar is a formal grammar that explicitly provides mechanisms within the formalism to allow its own production rules to be manipulated.
John N. Shutt defines adaptive grammars as follows:
Types of manipulation include rule addition,...
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| x Adaptive radiation |
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An adaptive radiation is a rapid evolutionary radiation characterized by an increase in the morphological and ecological diversity of a single, rapidly diversifying lineage. Phenotypes adapt in response to the environment, with new and useful traits...
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| x Complex adaptive system |
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Complex adaptive systems are special cases of complex systems. They are complex in that they are diverse and made up of multiple interconnected elements and adaptive in that they have the capacity to change and learn from experience. The term...
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| x Adaptive optics |
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Adaptive optics (AO) is a technology used to improve the performance of optical systems by reducing the effects of rapidly changing optical distortion. It is used in astronomical telescopes and laser communication systems to remove the effects of...
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| x Arrovian uncertainty |
Arrovian uncertainty is a term used in economics to describe calculable risk, where it is possible to calculate variation in possible outcomes, based on knowledge or an a priori belief.
Knightian uncertainty
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| x Knightian uncertainty | Economics |
In economics, Knightian uncertainty is risk that is immeasurable, not possible to calculate.
Knightian uncertainty is named after University of Chicago economist Frank Knight (1885-1972), who distinguished risk and uncertainty in his seminal work...
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| x Uncertainty |
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Quotation Subject | Sociology |
Uncertainty is a term used in subtly different ways in a number of fields, including philosophy, statistics, economics, finance, insurance, psychology, sociology, engineering, and information science. It applies to predictions of future events, to...
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| x Competitor analysis |
Competitor analysis in marketing and strategic management is an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of current and potential competitors. This analysis provides both an offensive and defensive strategic context through which to identify...
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| x Competitor indexing |
Competitor indexing is a price setting technique used by marketers. Generally, it involves using the price of competitors' products in determining the price of your own products.
Variations of this strategy include:
This strategy is typically used...
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| x Dynamic time warping |
Dynamic time warping is an algorithm for measuring similarity between two sequences which may vary in time or speed. For instance, similarities in walking patterns would be detected, even if in one video the person was walking slowly and if in...
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| x Dynamic and formal equivalence |
Dynamic equivalence and formal equivalence are two approaches to translation. The dynamic (also known as functional equivalence) attempts to convey the thought expressed in a source text (if necessary, at the expense of literalness, original word...
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| x Numerical analysis |
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Algorithm Family |
Numerical analysis is the study of algorithms for the problems of continuous mathematics (as distinguished from discrete mathematics).
One of the earliest mathematical writings is the Babylonian tablet YBC 7289, which gives a sexagesimal numerical...
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| x Analysis of variance |
In statistics, ANOVA is short for analysis of variance. Analysis of variance is a collection of statistical models, and their associated procedures, in which the observed variance is partitioned into components due to different explanatory variables...
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| x Requirements analysis |
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Profession |
Requirements analysis in systems engineering and software engineering, encompasses those tasks that go into determining the needs or conditions to meet for a new or altered product, taking account of the possibly conflicting requirements of the...
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| x Regression analysis |
In statistics, regression analysis is a collective name for techniques for the modeling and analysis of numerical data consisting of values of a dependent variable (also called response variable or measurement) and of one or more independent...
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| x Regression testing |
Regression testing is any type of software testing which seeks to uncover software regressions. Such regressions occur whenever software functionality that was previously working correctly stops working as intended. Typically regressions occur as an...
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| x Linear regression |
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In statistics, linear regression is a form of regression analysis in which the relationship between one or more independent variables and another variable, called dependent variable, is modeled by a least squares function, called linear regression...
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| x Regression toward the mean |
Regression toward the mean, in statistics, is a principle that says if you take a set of measurements twice on the same sample, individuals far from the mean on the first set will tend to be closer to the mean on the second set, and the farther from...
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| x Statistical independence |
In probability theory, to say that two events are independent, intuitively means that the occurrence of one event makes it neither more nor less probable that the other occurs. For example:
Similarly, two random variables are independent if the...
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| x Statistical classification |
Statistical classification is a procedure in which individual items are placed into groups based on quantitative information on one or more characteristics inherent in the items (referred to as traits, variables, characters, etc) and based on a...
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| x Relevance logic |
Relevance logic, also called relevant logic, is a kind of non-classical logic requiring the antecedent and consequent of implications be relevantly related. They may be viewed as a family of substructural or modal logics. (It is generally, but not...
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| x Relevance theory |
There are two ways to conceive of how thoughts can be communicated from one person to another. The first way is through the use of strict coding and decoding, which makes explicit use of symbols, rules, and language. The second way is by making...
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| x Transport function |
In mathematics, the transport functions J(n,x) are defined by
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| x Static code analysis |
Static code analysis is the analysis of computer software that is performed without actually executing programs built from that software (analysis performed on executing programs is known as dynamic analysis). In most cases the analysis is performed...
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| x Static timing analysis |
Static Timing Analysis is a method of computing the expected timing of a digital circuit without requiring simulation.
High-performance integrated circuits have traditionally been characterized by the clock frequency at which they operate. Gauging...
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| x Statistical static timing analysis |
Conventional static timing analysis (STA) has been a stock analysis algorithm for the design of digital circuits over the last 30 years. However, in recent years the increased variation in semiconductor devices and interconnect has introduced a...
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| x Synchronous circuit |
A synchronous circuit is a digital circuit in which the parts are synchronized by a clock signal.
In an ideal synchronous circuit, every change in the logical levels of its storage components is simultaneous. These transitions follow the level...
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| x Register transfer level |
In integrated circuit design, Register Transfer Level (RTL) description is a way of describing the operation of a synchronous digital circuit. In RTL design, a circuit's behavior is defined in terms of the flow of signals (or transfer of data)...
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| x Register Transfer Language |
In computer science, register transfer language (RTL) is a term used to describe a kind of intermediate representation (IR) that is very close to assembly language, such as that which is used in a compiler. Academic papers and textbooks also often...
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| x Marginal rate of substitution |
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In economics, the marginal rate of substitution is the rate at which a consumer is ready to give up one good in exchange for another good while maintaining the same level of satisfaction.
Under the standard assumption of neoclassical economics that...
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| x Marginal utility |
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In economics, the marginal utility of a good or of a service is the utility of the specific use to which an agent would put a given increase in that good or service, or of the specific use that would be abandoned in response to a given decrease. In...
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| x Exponential utility |
In economics exponential discounting refers to a specific form of the discount function, used in the analysis of choice over time (with or without uncertainty). Formally, exponential discounting occurs when total utility is given by
where ct is...
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| x Risk aversion |
Risk aversion is a concept in economics, finance, and psychology related to the behaviour of consumers and investors under uncertainty. Risk aversion is the reluctance of a person to accept a bargain with an uncertain payoff rather than another...
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| x Regret | Quotation Subject |
Regret is an intelligent (and/or emotional) dislike for personal past acts and behaviors. Regret is often felt when someone feels sadness, shame, embarrassment or guilt after committing an action or actions that the person later wishes that he or...
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| x Trigonometric function |
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In mathematics, the trigonometric functions (also called circular functions) are functions of an angle. They are important in the study of triangles and modeling periodic phenomena, among many other applications. Trigonometric functions are commonly...
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| x Gamma function |
In mathematics, the Gamma function (represented by the capitalized Greek letter Γ) is an extension of the factorial function to real and complex numbers. For a complex number z with positive real part the Gamma function is defined by
This definition...
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| x Riemann zeta function |
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Mathematics |
In mathematics, the Riemann zeta function, named after German mathematician Bernhard Riemann, is a function of great significance in number theory because of its relation to the distribution of prime numbers. It also has applications in other areas...
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| x Poisson's equation |
In mathematics, Poisson's equation is a partial differential equation with broad utility in electrostatics, mechanical engineering and theoretical physics. It is named after the French mathematician, geometer and physicist Siméon-Denis Poisson. The...
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| x Laplace's equation |
In mathematics, Laplace's equation is a partial differential equation named after Pierre-Simon Laplace who first studied its properties. The solutions of Laplace's equation are important in many fields of science, notably the fields of...
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| x Levenshtein distance | Algorithm |
In information theory and computer science, the Levenshtein distance is a metric for measuring the amount of difference between two sequences (i.e., the so called edit distance). The Levenshtein distance between two strings is given by the minimum...
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| x Needleman-Wunsch algorithm | |||||